The synthesis of an epoxy VINYL ESTER RESIN was carried out using a bisphenol-A based epoxy RESIN and methacrylic acid in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed in the temperature range of 90-120ºC and epoxy to carboxyl group ratio of 1. In all conditions a conversion of more than 95% was achieved. The reaction time (for conversions more than 95%) was different from 1.5 h at 120ºC to more than 8 h at 90ºC. The results indicated that reaction followed a first-order kinetics. The order of reaction with respect to methacrylic acid was also investigated by using excess method. It was found that in the reaction conditions, the reaction rate was independent of carboxyl group concentration. The specific rate constant, calculated by the regression analysis, was found to obey Arrhenius expression. The activation energy and frequency factor were found to be 82.61 kJ/mol and 5.43×109 min-1, respectively. FTIR Analysis of VINYL ESTER RESIN revealed that addition ESTERification reaction between carboxyl and epoxy groups took place and no side reactions (i.e., etherification reaction between epoxy and hydroxyl groups) occurred during the synthesis.

In this study, surface modification of nano α-alumina with Surface modifier was silane coupling agent namely VINYL tri methoxy silane (VTMS) was implement. Salinization reaction under hydrolysis, condensation condition and different concentration of silane coupling agent with spot of isoelectric point of nano alumina was performed. After surface modification, to characterizing amount of grafting on the nanoparticles, Elemental analysis (CH), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were utilized. VINYL ESTER nanocomposites were prepared using various loadings of silane modified alumina nanoparticles. To quantitative interfacial interaction between treated nano particles and VINYLESTER RESIN using tests SEM for assessment dispersion and surface fracture behavior, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Degree of cure, Haze value, Abrasion resistance (Tabber), acid chemical resistance and Pull Off adhesion. Results from FTIR and Elemental analysis revealed that the organic functional groups of the silane coupling agent layers were successfully grafted on the surface of the nanoparticles. The mechanical properties results of the VINYL ESTER revealed that, because of good interaction between particles and VINYL ESTER RESIN, were enhanced using 3 wt% alumina nanoparticles modified with 0.48 g silane compared with other samples.

In this study, various amounts of clay nanoparticles and titan nanoparticles (1, 3 and 5% wt.) were introduced into a VINYL ESTER RESIN matrix by high shear mixer. The influence of these nanoparticles on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness) is investigated. To investigate the structure of nanocomposites, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tests are done. The XRD test shows that the structure of clay-VINYL ESTER nanocomposites is exfoliated. The results of tensile, flexural and fracture toughness experiments show that clay is better than titan in the improvement of the mechanical properties. Clay- VINYL ESTER nanocomposite with 1% wt. of clay has the better mechanical properties than others samples.

VINYL ESTER (VE) polymer composites reinforced with varying amounts of clay were synthesized using an ultrasonic dispersion technique with the addition of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), cobalt napthalate and benzoyl peroxide as initiators and catalysts. The mechanical and thermal properties of these clay-filled VE composites were systematically evaluated. Mechanical testing—including tensile, flexural, and impact analysis—was conducted using a universal testing machine (UTM) and an Izod impact tESTER. The incorporation of clay at 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.% enhanced the tensile strength of the composites to values of 105, 120, and 125 MPa, respectively, compared to 86 MPa for the pristine VE. Similarly, flexural strength increased to 145, 160, and 190 MPa from an initial 125 MPa. In contrast, impact energy remained relatively unchanged with clay addition. Thermal behavior assessed through thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) revealed that higher clay loadings resulted in increased decomposition temperatures and residual weight. The T50% analysis reveals that an increase in clay content leads to higher degradation temperatures and as a result, greater residual weight. The T50% values are 350, 500, 550, and 650 °C for the 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.% clay composites, respectively. Overall, the inclusion of clay significantly improved both the mechanical and thermal performance of the VE matrix.

VINYL ESTER RESINs are widely used in structural composites and industry because of their excellent mechanical properties and good chemical resistance. One of the main goals of adding nanofillers to polymer matrix is to enhance the Young’ s modulus and strength of the original base polymers. Due to the rigid structure of carbon nanotube as well as their aspect ratios, they can effectively increase the elastic modulus and stiffness of the polymer matrix. The main practical target of the present study is to obtain the best distribution of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with carboxylic group in order to simultaneously improve the elastic modulus, tensile strength and toughness of the resulted nanocomposite. In this regard, nanocomposites with six different weight fractions (wt%) of MWCNTs are made and the specimens are subjected to the tensile test. The results exhibit that addition of MWCNTs with low concentration leads to improvement in the mechanical properties of the VINYL ESTER polymer such that the optimum mechanical properties are obtained with 0. 25wt% of MWCNTs. In this case, the fracture toughness, tensile strength and Young’ s modulus are respectively enhanced by amount of 52%, 23%, and 14%. In order to validate the experimental results and investigation the role of MWCNTs on tensile behavior of VINYL ESTER RESIN, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used and the most important failure mechanisms are discussed and studied in details. Also, in order to provide a theoretical model for predicting the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite, the experimental results are compared with existing theoretical models and a new correction factor based on the Hirsch’ s theory and experimental results is introduced for future industrial applications.

So far, most of the researches have examined the production process and its effect on the properties of epoxy nanocomposites and there is little informations on the nanocomposite with VINYL ESTER polymeric matrix. However, VINYL ESTER is one of the highly used RESINs in composite industry. In recent years, adding reinforcements with small dimensions (especially in nanoscale) has been proposed as a solution to improving the properties. In nanocomposites, due to diffusion of polymer chains into the nanoparticles and establishment of an appropriate bond with them, improvment of the properties can be expected.The aim of this research was to manufacture and investigate of tensile behavior of VINYL ESTER/titanium dioxide nanocomposites. Nanocomposite samples were produced by melt mixing technique and with content of 1, 2.5 and 5 weight percent of TiO2 nanoparticles. In addition, BYK-C8000 was added to the mixture as polymeric coupling agent. At first, the influence of production parameters on the properties of VINYL ESTER/ 1%wt. TiO2 nanocomposite was evaluated and then with selecting the optimum conditions and fixing the manufacture parameters, the effect of nanoparticles content on the properties of the samples was studied. Tensile behavior of nanocomposite was evaluated by uniaxial tensile test. Results indicate that by increasing in TiO2 content in the polymer matrix, the Young’s modulus steadily increases; while the strain-to-break of nanocomposites is reduced compared to the pure specimen.

VINYL ESTER polymeric systems linked to ibuprofen were synthesized and evaluated as materials for drug delivery. The carboxyl group of ibuprofen was converted into VINYL ESTER group by reacting ibuprofen with VINYL acetate in the presence of mercuric acetate as a catalyst. The resultant ibuprofen derivative of VINYL ESTER was then copolymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or methyl methacrylate (in 1:3 mole ratios) by utilizing azoisobutyronitrile as an initiator at the temperature range of 65-70oC. The structure of all compounds was characterized and confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques and elemental analysis. Gel permeation chromatography was used for determination of the average molecular weights and polydispersity indices of the ibuprofen containing polymers. The hydrolysis of drugpolymer conjugates was carried out in cellophane membrane dialysis bags containing aqueous buffer solutions (pH 1, 7.4, and 10) at 37oC for 48 h. Detection of hydrolysis solutions by UV-vis spectroscopy at selected intervals showed that the drug could be released by hydrolysis of the ESTER bonds which were formed between the drug and polymer backbone. The release profiles indicated that the hydrolytic behaviour of polymeric prodrugs is strongly based on polymer hydrophilicity and pH of the hydrolysis solution. The results suggest that these prepared polymeric prodrugs could be useful for release of ibuprofen in controlled release systems.

Nanocomposites based on VINYL ESTER RESIN (Derakane 470-300) and nano clay (Cloisite 30B) were prepared. The effect of clay content of 1, 3 and 5% (by weight) on the morphology, mechanical properties and water absorption of VINYL ESTER RESIN nanocomposites were studied. The nanocomposites were characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mechanical property measurements. SAXS and TEM images revealed a fully exfoliated morphology for clay content of 1 and 3% and an intercalated morphology for clay content 5%. Mechanical tests results showed that the VINYL ESTER nanocomposites have significantly better mechanical properties than neat VINYL ESTER RESIN. It is also found that water absorption drops in all specimens containing nano caly, and it is reduced to half its value with respect to the neat RESIN when the Cloisite 30B content is only 1%. The hardness of VINYL ESTER samples increased from 40 to 57 Barcol (approximately 43% increase) with by incorporating nanoclay of 1%.